Case reports

Despite the emerging developments in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in recent years, it is still the most lethal among all cancers. Atelectasis is a common condition with lung cancer. Central bronchogenic tumors often induce atelectasis due to endobronchial obstruction but less frequently due to compression of tumor or pleural effusion. The presented case describes case of a patient, who was repeatedly admitted to the Department of Pneumology and Phtiseology due to bronchogenic carcinoma with the future release of it´s complications including obstructive atelectasis of the right lung.

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A breach in the integrity of the aortic wall allows arterial blood to enter the media, which is then split into two layers, creating a “false lumen“ alongside the existing or “true lumen“. The primary event is often a spontaneous or iatrogenic tear in the intima of the aorta. Disease of the aorta and hypertension are the most important aetiological factors. The aortic dissection is a relatively rare condition, but it may rupture and have fatal consequences. The case report describes a dissection of the descending aorta in a 55-year-old patient.

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Cardiac tamponade is a clinical syndrome caused by the accumulation of fluid or gas in the pericardial space, resulting in reduced ventricular filling and therefore decreased cardiac output (Figure 1). The condition is a medical emergency with resultant cardiogenic shock and death if not treated immediately. The presented case report describes a 63-year-old oncological patient who developed cardiac tamponade with the need of pericardiocentesis.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological diagnostic tests and prevention measures, pneumonia remains the main cause of death from infectious disease in the world. An important reason for the increased global mortality is the impact of pneumonia on chronic diseases, along with the increasing age of the population and the virulence factors of the causative microorganism.
In 2013, the Global Burden of Disease Study based on data from 188 countries around the world, reported that lower respiratory tract infection was the second most common cause of death. In Europe, mortality rates for CAP vary widely from country to country, ranging from <1% to 48%.

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Autoimmune hepatitis is chronic hepatitis associated with hypergammaglobulinaemia and the presence of circulating autoantibodies. In most cases it responds favorably to immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnosis is challenging, in general, all other possible causes of chronic hepatitis should be excluded. The case report describes a case of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in a 69-year-old patient.

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Increased overjet may be caused by excessive proclination of upper incisors with prominent maxilla or on the other hand by microgenia or mandibular retrognathism. The first malocclusion is in adult patients usually corrected by extraction of first premolars and successive retraction of frontal teeth. The second malocclusion in adult patients is correctly treated with orthognathic surgery.
When treating with retraction of frontal teeth, it is essential to assess the amount of anchorage needed. If the movement of distal teeth mesially is restricted, the absolute anchorage secured by TADs is needed. TADs are placed into the bone in the right position. Closed coil springs are placed inbetween the frontal segment and TADs on each side, thus retracting frontal segment without any movement of posterior teeth.

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A two stage treatment of distoocclusion with proclination of upper incisors (AII/1) is very efficient in correctly indicated cases and the timing of the treatment is essential. During the growth spurt the removable functional appliance is placed in the mouth (in this case bionator) to provide the bite shift to AI class and to raise the deep bite by correctly trimmed functional appliance. The second phase of the treatment with fixed appliance is reduced and only the anomalies of the position of individual teeth are corrected.

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Impaction or impacted tooth is a tooth that didn’t erupt into its position in the right time of his physiological eruption, is covered by bone and requires treatment. After precisely locating the position of impacted tooth, the appropriate orthodontic appliance is adapted, the space for impacted tooth is created. With surgical exposure of the tooth, the crown is uncovered and eruption chain is adapted. The pull is activated by elastic thread or other auxiliaries such as Kilroy spring or Monkey hook, that help to move the tooth into required position.

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Significant pain reduction and lack of the vibrations give advantage to LASER cavity preparation. The ideal treatment should be fast, painless and effective. Discomfort of the patient and tendency to protect hard dental tissues can lead to insufficient debridement of the carious lesion, inadequate obturation and failure of the restoration. A carious lesion is usually removed using hand instruments and rotary burs.
Understanding of laser physics and laser-tissues interaction for specific wavelength is required to predict the accomplishment of laser treatment.

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary progressive neuromuscular disorder that is inherited in X-linked recessive pattern. Mutation of dystrophin gene results into a loss of integrity and function of muscular fibres and their replacement by adipose and connective tissue. Muscle degeneration leads to motoric impairment and loss of walk around 12th year of age. Myocardium is also frequently affected. Respiratory muscles impairment and other complications lead to respiratory failure. If left untreated, death occurs around 20th year of life, usually due to cardiac or respiratory causes. Respiratory insufficiency development is treated by mechanical ventilation support.

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