Multimedia support in the education of clinical and health care disciplines

:: Portal of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Faculty of Medicine

The lecture notes from the subject Medical Biophysics provide the students of Dental Medicine with the supporting information on lectured topics, which are dealing with the fundamental physical processes in human body on molecular, atomic and subatomic level. The main focus of the present lecture series set on the physical principles of diagnostic and therapeutic leading-edge medical technology units, as well as on the biophysical effects in human body after application of biophysical techniques. Side effects and safe, efficient usage of medical devices in practice is also described. The subjects of molecular biophysics, membrane biophysics, and bioenergetics are included here as well.
 

This lecture provides an overview of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, focusing on multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The presentation summarizes the current knowledge of their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and differential diagnosis.

The lecture notes from the subject Medical Biophysics provide the students of General Medicine with the supporting information on lectured topics. A lecture series is dedicated to fundamental physical background of processes in human body on molecular, atomic and subatomic level. The main focus is directed towards the physical principles of diagnostic and therapeutic leading-edge medical technology units, as well as towards biophysical effects in human body after application of biophysical techniques, encountered side effects and safe, efficient usage of medical devices in practice. The subjects of molecular biophysics, membrane biophysics, and bioenergetics, respectively, are included here as well.

Presented teaching material: PPT lecture on Sudden Ischemic Stroke (NCMP). The content of the lecture is definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis (symptomatology according to basin or occluded cerebral vessel), diagnosis (native CT, CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI), acute management of a patient with ischemic NCMP (intravenous thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, carotid stenting , carotid endarterectomy) and subsequent care and diagnosis of the patient after ischemic NCMP (search for etiology, rehabilitation, screening for cognitive impairment and secondary prevention).

Lectures from the subject of Pharmacology 1 are intended for students of the third year of the study program General Medicine. They should serve as an auxiliary study material for mastering the basic principles of pharmacology and gaining an overview about the various groups of drugs used in human medicine.

Attached teaching material includes lecture notes on Haemorrhagic Strokes (CMP) for students of general medicine. The lecture content is focused on intracranial hemorrhages: intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) - definition, diagnosis (symptomatology, paraclinical examinations), treatment, prognosis and complications.

Materials for lectures from the subject Pharmacology 2 are intended for students of the 3rd year of the study program Dental Medicine. They should serve as an auxiliary material for mastering the basic principles of pharmacology and gaining an overview about the various groups of drugs used in human medicine.

Injuries of the urinary tract and male genitalia represent important urological emergencies and are often associated with trauma. These injuries may result from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic mechanisms. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, all of which may be affected by trauma. Renal injuries are the most common type of urinary tract trauma. Hematuria is a key clinical sign suggesting injury to the urinary tract. The severity of renal trauma is classified using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grading system. Most low-grade renal injuries can be managed conservatively. Ureteral injuries are relatively rare but are often iatrogenic in origin. Delayed diagnosis of ureteral injury may lead to significant morbidity. Bladder injuries are frequently associated with pelvic fractures. Bladder trauma is classified as intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. Retrograde cystography is the diagnostic gold standard for suspected bladder injury. Urethral injuries commonly occur in association with pelvic trauma or straddle injuries. Blood at the urethral meatus is a classic sign of urethral injury. Retrograde urethrography should be performed before urethral catheterization when injury is suspected. Injuries of the male genitalia include trauma to the penis, scrotum, testes, and epididymis. Penile fracture is caused by rupture of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum. Immediate surgical repair is recommended in cases of penile fracture. Testicular trauma may result in contusion, rupture, or dislocation. Scrotal ultrasonography with Doppler is the imaging modality of choice for testicular injuries. Testicular rupture requires urgent surgical exploration. Genital injuries may be associated with significant psychological impact. Early recognition and prompt management are essential to preserve organ function. Associated injuries to other organ systems are common and must be assessed. Initial evaluation follows standard trauma protocols, including stabilization of the patient. Imaging plays a crucial role in the assessment of urological trauma. Conservative management is preferred when clinically appropriate. Surgical intervention is indicated in hemodynamically unstable patients or high-grade injuries. Long-term complications may include strictures, infertility, erectile dysfunction, and chronic pain. A multidisciplinary approach is often required for optimal management of urinary tract and genital injuries.

Lectures are devoted to the students of the 1st semester of Histology and embryology 1: Cytology and microscopic structure of tissues for General Medicine students. Students can find here a supporting material for self-study according to lectures. Lectures contain microscopic pictures and schemes as a support to recommended study literature: Junqueira - Basic Histology, Adamkov - Functional Histology.

Urolithiasis refers to the formation of calculi within the urinary tract and represents a common urological disorder. Urinary stones may occur in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. The majority of urinary calculi are composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Other stone types include uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Stone formation results from urinary supersaturation with lithogenic substances. Additional contributing factors include low urine volume, metabolic abnormalities, and dietary influences. Renal colic is the typical clinical presentation of obstructing ureteral stones. Hematuria is a frequent accompanying sign of urolithiasis. Non-contrast computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice for suspected urolithiasis. Ultrasonography may be used as an initial imaging method, particularly in selected patient populations. Laboratory evaluation includes urinalysis, serum biochemistry, and stone analysis when available. Acute management focuses on analgesia, hydration, and assessment for complications. Urgent intervention is required in cases of obstructive urolithiasis with infection or renal impairment. Conservative management may be appropriate for small, non-complicated stones. Medical expulsive therapy can facilitate spontaneous stone passage in selected patients. Interventional treatment options include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The choice of treatment depends on stone size, location, composition, and patient-specific factors. Recurrent stone formers require metabolic evaluation to identify underlying risk factors. Preventive strategies include adequate fluid intake and dietary modification. Long-term follow-up is essential to reduce recurrence and prevent complications associated with urolithiasis.

Lectures are devoted to the students of the 1st study year in the field of Dental medicine. Students can find here the supporting material in the form of lecture notes from Histology and Embryology 2. The slides offered here describe particular topics according to the syllabus they have to pass during summer term.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases encountered in urological practice. According to EAU terminology, UTIs are classified as lower urinary tract infections (lUTIs) or upper urinary tract infections (uUTIs). Lower urinary tract infections primarily involve the bladder and urethra, with cystitis being the most frequent clinical entity. Typical symptoms of lUTIs include dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain. Upper urinary tract infections affect the kidneys and renal pelvis and are most commonly referred to as acute pyelonephritis. Upper UTIs are usually associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, flank pain, chills, and malaise. UTIs are further categorized as uncomplicated or complicated based on patient-related and anatomical factors. Uncomplicated UTIs occur in healthy, non-pregnant individuals with a structurally and functionally normal urinary tract. Complicated UTIs are associated with factors such as urinary tract obstruction, indwelling catheters, renal impairment, or immunosuppression. Escherichia coli remains the most common causative pathogen in both uncomplicated lUTIs and uUTIs. Diagnosis of UTIs is based on clinical presentation supported by urinalysis and urine culture. Imaging of the urinary tract is not routinely required in uncomplicated lUTIs. In suspected uUTIs or complicated infections, imaging is recommended to exclude obstruction or other complications. Antimicrobial therapy should be guided by local resistance patterns and culture results whenever possible. EAU guidelines emphasize antimicrobial stewardship to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance. Asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated except in specific clinical situations, such as pregnancy or prior to urological procedures. Recurrent UTIs require careful evaluation to identify modifiable risk factors. Prevention strategies include behavioral measures and, in selected cases, prophylactic antimicrobial or non-antimicrobial approaches. Prompt recognition and appropriate management of uUTIs are essential to prevent sepsis and renal damage. Adherence to EAU guidelines ensures standardized, evidence-based management of upper and lower urinary tract infections. Infections of the male reproductive system represent a significant cause of morbidity in urological practice. These infections may involve the prostate, epididymis, testes, seminal vesicles, or urethra. Acute and chronic prostatitis are among the most common inflammatory conditions affecting the male reproductive organs. Epididymitis and orchitis frequently present with scrotal pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms of infection. Sexually transmitted pathogens play an important role in infections of the male reproductive system, particularly in younger patients. Ascending infection from the lower urinary tract is a common pathogenic mechanism. Laboratory evaluation includes urinalysis, microbiological cultures, and inflammatory markers. Imaging modalities such as ultrasonography are useful in assessing complications, including abscess formation. Early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are essential to prevent long-term sequelae. Untreated or recurrent infections may result in infertility, chronic pain, or structural damage to the reproductive organs.