Search

Fungal infections are assuming a greater importance, largely because of their increasing incidence among transplant patients and other immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS. As a result alike need to be familiar with clinical presentation and methods for the diagnosis of these infections, as well as the current treatment choices. In this lecture are a succinct account of the clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and management of the fungal infections.

This text will become an invaluable resource for medical students. Practice points are found clinical scenarios about essential bacterial skin infections. The skin is readily visible, and therefore visual inspection remains the most important means of accurate dermatologic diagnosis. Skin bacterial infections are no exception. Morphology, symptoms, exposure, and time course generally establish the diagnosis. This text will provide many informations to assist you in recognizing most common bacterial skin infections.

Infections of the urogenital system (UTI) are the second most common site of infection. They are non-specific / specific, potentially life-threatening, frequent site of hospital acquired infection. Etiology of UTI are 90% bacterial / non-specific, Gram-negative, e.g. E. coli 85%, - other enteral bact. (Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterococci), rare Gram- bacilli (Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, etc.), anaerobic inf. (abscess), atypical bacteria (chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma), Fungal (Candida, Mycosis), Parasitic (Schistosomiasis, Trichomonas vag.), Viral (HPV, HSV 1 ,2; Herpes zoster-bladder).

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases encountered in urological practice. According to EAU terminology, UTIs are classified as lower urinary tract infections (lUTIs) or upper urinary tract infections (uUTIs). Lower urinary tract infections primarily involve the bladder and urethra, with cystitis being the most frequent clinical entity. Typical symptoms of lUTIs include dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain. Upper urinary tract infections affect the kidneys and renal pelvis and are most commonly referred to as acute pyelonephritis. Upper UTIs are usually associated with systemic symptoms such as fever, flank pain, chills, and malaise. UTIs are further categorized as uncomplicated or complicated based on patient-related and anatomical factors. Uncomplicated UTIs occur in healthy, non-pregnant individuals with a structurally and functionally normal urinary tract. Complicated UTIs are associated with factors such as urinary tract obstruction, indwelling catheters, renal impairment, or immunosuppression. Escherichia coli remains the most common causative pathogen in both uncomplicated lUTIs and uUTIs. Diagnosis of UTIs is based on clinical presentation supported by urinalysis and urine culture. Imaging of the urinary tract is not routinely required in uncomplicated lUTIs. In suspected uUTIs or complicated infections, imaging is recommended to exclude obstruction or other complications. Antimicrobial therapy should be guided by local resistance patterns and culture results whenever possible. EAU guidelines emphasize antimicrobial stewardship to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance. Asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated except in specific clinical situations, such as pregnancy or prior to urological procedures. Recurrent UTIs require careful evaluation to identify modifiable risk factors. Prevention strategies include behavioral measures and, in selected cases, prophylactic antimicrobial or non-antimicrobial approaches. Prompt recognition and appropriate management of uUTIs are essential to prevent sepsis and renal damage. Adherence to EAU guidelines ensures standardized, evidence-based management of upper and lower urinary tract infections. Infections of the male reproductive system represent a significant cause of morbidity in urological practice. These infections may involve the prostate, epididymis, testes, seminal vesicles, or urethra. Acute and chronic prostatitis are among the most common inflammatory conditions affecting the male reproductive organs. Epididymitis and orchitis frequently present with scrotal pain, swelling, and systemic symptoms of infection. Sexually transmitted pathogens play an important role in infections of the male reproductive system, particularly in younger patients. Ascending infection from the lower urinary tract is a common pathogenic mechanism. Laboratory evaluation includes urinalysis, microbiological cultures, and inflammatory markers. Imaging modalities such as ultrasonography are useful in assessing complications, including abscess formation. Early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are essential to prevent long-term sequelae. Untreated or recurrent infections may result in infertility, chronic pain, or structural damage to the reproductive organs.