Materials for Lectures

RNA are noncellular organisms with ribonucleic acid (RNA) in their genome. In most viruses, RNA is single-stranded (ssRNA). An exception is made by reoviruses, whose RNA is double-stranded (dsRNA).In addition, RNA is either segmented (the genome consists of several RNA segments) or unsegmented (one long strand of RNA). RNA viruses that have only a protein capsid on their surface are non-enveloped. RNA viruses, which in addition to the capsid have an additional envelope made of a bilayer of lipids and proteins and specific glycoproteins, are enveloped. The content of the lecture is the classification of RNA viruses and, for selected groups of RNA viruses, structure, replication in the host cell, pathogenicity, diseases, laboratory diagnostics, therapy and prevention are described.

Biometrics represents the science dealing with measurement and statistical analysis of people's physical and behavioural characteristics. It offers various methods and algorithms that are integrated into the biometric technologies and systems in order to identify or verify individuals that are under surveillance and/or to manage access control.

Medical Biochemistry has an irreplaceable role in study of General Medicine. The students should learn about biochemical reactions in all living systems, especially in the human body. The knowledge will help them later to diagnose and treat many diseases correctly. In firsts semester is study concentrated to metabolic processes connected with metabolism of nutrients (e.g. saccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). In second semester is teaching focused to study metabolism of organs (e.g. liver, kidney, muscles, hard tissue, skin), chemical communications and introduction to Clinical Biochemistry.

Enterobacteria are gramnegative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that are rod-shaped. They occur in the natural environment, many are part of the human intestinal microflora (intestinal microbiome). According to the current classification, they belong to the order Enterobacterales, which includes 7 families, 66 genera and many species. Bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, Serratia, Pantoea, Yersinia, Cronobacer, Citrobacter, Plesiomonas, Hafnia, are important in human medicine. The content of the lecture is the classification and basic properties of enterobacteria, pathogenicity, clinical syndromes, laboratory diagnostics, therapy and prevention are described for the most important enterobacteria.

The database tools allow collecting, storage, handling and evaluation of different types of information. Using a database one can store data about persons, goods, services etc. In contrast to spreadsheet programs the databases usually uses several separate and interconnected tables to minimize duplicate records. The data can be easily accessed, managed and updated; regardless the database content is bibliographic, text, numeric or even graphical.

Medical informatics represents a science where the data, information and knowledge from the area of medicine and health care are systematically processed. Therefore, informatics itself is an essential part of medicine affecting health care system as well as education of its employees. Presentations here are intended to be used as introduction to the study of this area.

Topics for practical lessons from Anatomy 1 are developed for foreign students of General Medicine and are arranged into weeks according to the study plan. In individual topics, students will find the most important information needed to master the practical part of the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs, thoracic wall and thoracic organs, abdominal wall and abdominal organs.

Topics for practical lessons from Anatomy 3 are developed for foreign students of General Medicine and are arranged into the teaching weeks according to the study plan. Individual topics include skull, muscles of head and neck, cranial nerves, cervical plexus, regional anatomy of head and neck and neuroanatomy.

Lectures are devoted to students of elective course Clinical anatomy in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of study. These are lectures led by clinicians, with an emphasis on the investigative methods of the specialized area (ultrasound,...). Specifically, they are divided into lectures from the upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and from the head and neck.

This study material is intended to provide a summary of basic statistical measures, methods and tests used to describe and to evaluate various sets of medical data. The theory offered here should help students of General Medicine, who selected an elective course Biostatistics, to learn terms and concepts they will work with during practical lessons. Presentations create only the foundation necessary for understanding the role of statistics in clinical scientific research and recommended resources should be also used to study particular topics in more details.

This work was supported by the national grant KEGA 011UPJŠ-4/2019 "Increasing of competences and critical thinking level in students of medical study programs using simulation tools of Problem-Based Learning and Evidence-Based Medicine".