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The work present actual view of acute and chronic heart failure in children. It is devoted to incidence, symptoms, diagnostics and managment of this disease mainly for student of fith and sixth year of general medicine, but can be suitable for nurses, postgradual physicians as well. The main part of the work consists in diagnostis procedure and disesaseś managment.

Renal colic is a severe, acute pain syndrome most commonly caused by obstruction of the urinary tract by urolithiasis. The pain typically originates in the flank and may radiate to the lower abdomen, groin, or genital region. Renal colic results from increased intraluminal pressure and ureteral smooth muscle spasm proximal to the obstruction. Nausea, vomiting, and haematuria are frequently associated symptoms. Non-contrast computed tomography is considered the imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis of renal colic. Ultrasonography may be used as an initial imaging tool, particularly in pregnant patients or those requiring radiation avoidance. Laboratory evaluation includes urinalysis to detect haematuria and blood tests to assess renal function and infection. Differential diagnosis includes other causes of acute abdominal or flank pain. Initial management focuses on pain control, hydration, and exclusion of complications such as infection or renal impairment. Definitive treatment depends on stone size, location, composition, and patient-related factors.

Kyphoscoliosis is a well-recognized cause of respiratory failure. Kyphoscoliosis is a chronic disease, occurring in 2-3% of the general population, which leads to a distorted spinal curvature and chest wall deformity. As a consequence, respiratory function is impaired due to reduced chest wall compliance and restrictive lung function pattern arises. The development of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has made it an accepted standard modality of care at the present time for patients with chronic respiratory failure caused by kyphoscoliosis. The presented case report describes a 49-year-old female with idiopathic kyphoscoliosis who developed chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure with the need of noninvasive ventilatory support.

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Acute scrotum is a urological emergency characterized by sudden onset of scrotal pain, swelling, and tenderness. It encompasses a spectrum of conditions affecting the testis, epididymis, and surrounding structures. Testicular torsion is the most critical cause of acute scrotum and requires immediate surgical intervention. Other common etiologies include epididymitis, orchitis, torsion of the testicular appendages, and scrotal trauma. Rapid and accurate differential diagnosis is essential to preserve testicular viability. Clinical evaluation includes detailed history taking and focused physical examination. Color Doppler ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice for assessment of testicular perfusion. Laboratory investigations may assist in identifying infectious or inflammatory causes. Delayed diagnosis or management can result in testicular infarction and loss of reproductive function. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial to achieve favorable clinical outcomes in patients with acute scrotum.

Gallstone ileus is an uncommon entity, which accounts for 1–4% of all presentations to hospital with small bowel obstruction and for up to 25% of all cases in patients over 65 years of age. Despite medical advances, gallstone ileus is still associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The management of gallstone ileus remains controversial. The clinical signs and symptoms of gallstone ileus are usually non-specific, contributing to a delay in diagnosis. We present our case admitted to the hospital with gallstone ileus.

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