Urology

Trauma is defined as a physical injury or a wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent. Trauma is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 10% of all mortalities. It accounts for approximately 5 million deaths each year worldwide and causes disability to millions more. About half of all deaths due to trauma are in people aged 15–45 years and in this age it is the leading cause of death.

Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis).

The incidence of urolithiasis is 0.1-0.5-1%.The prevalence of of urolithiasis nearby 4%, in children 5,8/100, 000 children/year, M: F ratio 2:1. Recurency only once in a lifetime in about 50%. Different urolithiasis composition and metabolic changes in 50-75% pts. Etiology is unknown. There are multifactorial nature, endogenous, exogenous causes, intranefrotic, extranefrotic creation, metabolic disorders, local factors in the urinary tract as a small diuresis, immobilization, genetic factors-polygenic effect (RTAs and cystinuria), familial clustering, the impact of welfare (climate, social factors, physical activity, occupation, gender, age, ethnic and genetic influences, food, water, pregnancy, lactation, etc.).

Infections of the urogenital system (UTI) are the second most common site of infection. They are non-specific / specific, potentially life-threatening, frequent site of hospital acquired infection. Etiology of UTI are 90% bacterial / non-specific, Gram-negative, e.g. E. coli 85%, - other enteral bact. (Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterococci), rare Gram- bacilli (Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, etc.), anaerobic inf. (abscess), atypical bacteria (chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma), Fungal (Candida, Mycosis), Parasitic (Schistosomiasis, Trichomonas vag.), Viral (HPV, HSV 1 ,2; Herpes zoster-bladder).

Developmental anomalies of the kidneys and ureters are numerous and not only potentially render image interpretation confusing but also, in many instances, make the kidneys more prone to pathology. Most frequent in human population (66%). High morbidity resulting from obstruction, infection, secondary urolithiasis, functional impairment (renal failure, hypertension, infertility).

The lecture provides information on the basic aspects of urological examination. It discusses the history of urological diseases, examinations and symptomatology, which are important in the examination of a urological patient. It deals with urinary disorders, changes in urine quality, urological causes of hematuria, endoscopic examination methods, USG and CT with a presentation of some typical findings.

Selected lectures from Urology are devoted to the students of General medicine in the fifth and sixth study years. The students can find here the supporting materials to study Urology topics in the form of lecture notes that should be used in combination with recommended literature. The slides offered here describe particular topics according to the syllabus.