Materials for Lectures

RNA are noncellular organisms with ribonucleic acid (RNA) in their genome. In most viruses, RNA is single-stranded (ssRNA). An exception is made by reoviruses, whose RNA is double-stranded (dsRNA).In addition, RNA is either segmented (the genome consists of several RNA segments) or unsegmented (one long strand of RNA). RNA viruses that have only a protein capsid on their surface are non-enveloped. RNA viruses, which in addition to the capsid have an additional envelope made of a bilayer of lipids and proteins and specific glycoproteins, are enveloped. The content of the lecture is the classification of RNA viruses and, for selected groups of RNA viruses, structure, replication in the host cell, pathogenicity, diseases, laboratory diagnostics, therapy and prevention are described.

Enterobacteria are gramnegative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that are rod-shaped. They occur in the natural environment, many are part of the human intestinal microflora (intestinal microbiome). According to the current classification, they belong to the order Enterobacterales, which includes 7 families, 66 genera and many species. Bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, Serratia, Pantoea, Yersinia, Cronobacer, Citrobacter, Plesiomonas, Hafnia, are important in human medicine. The content of the lecture is the classification and basic properties of enterobacteria, pathogenicity, clinical syndromes, laboratory diagnostics, therapy and prevention are described for the most important enterobacteria.

Topics for practical lessons from Anatomy 1 are developed for foreign students of General Medicine and are arranged into weeks according to the study plan. In individual topics, students will find the most important information needed to master the practical part of the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs, thoracic wall and thoracic organs, abdominal wall and abdominal organs.

Lectures are devoted to students of elective course Clinical anatomy in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of study. These are lectures led by clinicians, with an emphasis on the investigative methods of the specialized area (ultrasound,...). Specifically, they are divided into lectures from the upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and from the head and neck.

Commented records of practical seminars, which serve as an aid/notes to individual seminars in addition to the study of recommended literature. They are intended for students of general and dental medicine to study the subject of radiodiagnostics. They process individual imaging modalities and their application for specific indications.

Trauma is defined as a physical injury or a wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent. Trauma is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 10% of all mortalities. It accounts for approximately 5 million deaths each year worldwide and causes disability to millions more. About half of all deaths due to trauma are in people aged 15–45 years and in this age it is the leading cause of death.

Urology is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis).

The incidence of urolithiasis is 0.1-0.5-1%.The prevalence of of urolithiasis nearby 4%, in children 5,8/100, 000 children/year, M: F ratio 2:1. Recurency only once in a lifetime in about 50%. Different urolithiasis composition and metabolic changes in 50-75% pts. Etiology is unknown. There are multifactorial nature, endogenous, exogenous causes, intranefrotic, extranefrotic creation, metabolic disorders, local factors in the urinary tract as a small diuresis, immobilization, genetic factors-polygenic effect (RTAs and cystinuria), familial clustering, the impact of welfare (climate, social factors, physical activity, occupation, gender, age, ethnic and genetic influences, food, water, pregnancy, lactation, etc.).

Infections of the urogenital system (UTI) are the second most common site of infection. They are non-specific / specific, potentially life-threatening, frequent site of hospital acquired infection. Etiology of UTI are 90% bacterial / non-specific, Gram-negative, e.g. E. coli 85%, - other enteral bact. (Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterococci), rare Gram- bacilli (Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, etc.), anaerobic inf. (abscess), atypical bacteria (chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma), Fungal (Candida, Mycosis), Parasitic (Schistosomiasis, Trichomonas vag.), Viral (HPV, HSV 1 ,2; Herpes zoster-bladder).

Developmental anomalies of the kidneys and ureters are numerous and not only potentially render image interpretation confusing but also, in many instances, make the kidneys more prone to pathology. Most frequent in human population (66%). High morbidity resulting from obstruction, infection, secondary urolithiasis, functional impairment (renal failure, hypertension, infertility).