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Urolithiasis refers to the formation of calculi within the urinary tract and represents a common urological disorder. Urinary stones may occur in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. The majority of urinary calculi are composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Other stone types include uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Stone formation results from urinary supersaturation with lithogenic substances. Additional contributing factors include low urine volume, metabolic abnormalities, and dietary influences. Renal colic is the typical clinical presentation of obstructing ureteral stones. Hematuria is a frequent accompanying sign of urolithiasis. Non-contrast computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice for suspected urolithiasis. Ultrasonography may be used as an initial imaging method, particularly in selected patient populations. Laboratory evaluation includes urinalysis, serum biochemistry, and stone analysis when available. Acute management focuses on analgesia, hydration, and assessment for complications. Urgent intervention is required in cases of obstructive urolithiasis with infection or renal impairment. Conservative management may be appropriate for small, non-complicated stones. Medical expulsive therapy can facilitate spontaneous stone passage in selected patients. Interventional treatment options include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The choice of treatment depends on stone size, location, composition, and patient-specific factors. Recurrent stone formers require metabolic evaluation to identify underlying risk factors. Preventive strategies include adequate fluid intake and dietary modification. Long-term follow-up is essential to reduce recurrence and prevent complications associated with urolithiasis.

The incidence of urolithiasis is 0.1-0.5-1%.The prevalence of of urolithiasis nearby 4%, in children 5,8/100, 000 children/year, M: F ratio 2:1. Recurency only once in a lifetime in about 50%. Different urolithiasis composition and metabolic changes in 50-75% pts. Etiology is unknown. There are multifactorial nature, endogenous, exogenous causes, intranefrotic, extranefrotic creation, metabolic disorders, local factors in the urinary tract as a small diuresis, immobilization, genetic factors-polygenic effect (RTAs and cystinuria), familial clustering, the impact of welfare (climate, social factors, physical activity, occupation, gender, age, ethnic and genetic influences, food, water, pregnancy, lactation, etc.).