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Laboratory examinations in urology play a crucial role in the assessment of diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Urinalysis is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to detect infection, hematuria, proteinuria, and metabolic abnormalities. Blood laboratory tests provide essential information about renal function, electrolyte balance, and systemic inflammation. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used in the evaluation of prostatic diseases. Imaging examinations are indispensable for the anatomical and functional assessment of the urogenital system. Ultrasonography is frequently employed as a first-line imaging modality due to its availability and non-invasive nature. Computed tomography offers high-resolution visualization of the urinary tract and is particularly valuable in the detection of urolithiasis. Magnetic resonance imaging provides superior soft-tissue contrast and is especially important in prostate imaging. Conventional radiographic examinations retain a role in the evaluation of selected urological conditions. The integration of laboratory and imaging examinations enables accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making in urology.

Article about basic examination in Urology, how to take history, how to perform physical examination. History taking is very important part of any medical investigation. How to take general informations about patient (family history, occupational informations, previous surgery, labours and current medication) is well known. Also, groups of specific urological symptoms are listed here. Much of the genitourinary tract is hidden from view. The testes and epididymes can be identified separately. If epididymal infection is present or testicular torsion is suspected, the examination must be gentle. Observation of the colour of the scrotal wall may reveal hyperaemia. The absence of a cremasteric reflex contraction when the scrotum, or the area close to the scrotum, is touched is also an important sign to elicit. The loss of this reflex is not diagnostic of one pathology, but its presence is strongly against a diagnosis of torsion.

This lecture involves do’s and don’ts for effective patient-physician communication in the field of psychiatry and how important assessment of patient´s non-verbal communication is. Patient may come in non-standard situation, and some of them may lack insight. In the second part of lecture, you will find informations about history taking, how to gain anamnestic data, and how to create final diagnosis step by step.

This lecture offers informations about communication with a patient in field of psychiatry, how to gain anamnestic data and how important non-verbal communication in psychiatry is. In the second part of lecture, you can find information about etiopathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment principles of mood and anxiety disorders.