Materials for Lectures

Haematuria is defined as the presence of red blood cells in the urine and represents a common urological symptom. It may be classified as microscopic or macroscopic, depending on whether it is detectable only by laboratory analysis or visible to the naked eye. Haematuria can originate from any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, and urethra. The etiology of haematuria ranges from benign conditions to malignant urological diseases. Urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, and trauma are frequent non-malignant causes of haematuria. Painless macroscopic haematuria is considered a hallmark symptom of urothelial carcinoma until proven otherwise. A structured diagnostic evaluation is essential to identify the underlying cause of haematuria. Laboratory investigations, including urinalysis and urine cytology, play a key role in the diagnostic process. Imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and computed tomography are used to assess the upper urinary tract. Cystoscopy remains the gold standard for evaluation of the lower urinary tract in patients with haematuria.

Laboratory examinations in urology play a crucial role in the assessment of diseases of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Urinalysis is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to detect infection, hematuria, proteinuria, and metabolic abnormalities. Blood laboratory tests provide essential information about renal function, electrolyte balance, and systemic inflammation. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used in the evaluation of prostatic diseases. Imaging examinations are indispensable for the anatomical and functional assessment of the urogenital system. Ultrasonography is frequently employed as a first-line imaging modality due to its availability and non-invasive nature. Computed tomography offers high-resolution visualization of the urinary tract and is particularly valuable in the detection of urolithiasis. Magnetic resonance imaging provides superior soft-tissue contrast and is especially important in prostate imaging. Conventional radiographic examinations retain a role in the evaluation of selected urological conditions. The integration of laboratory and imaging examinations enables accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making in urology.

Article about basic examination in Urology, how to take history, how to perform physical examination. History taking is very important part of any medical investigation. How to take general informations about patient (family history, occupational informations, previous surgery, labours and current medication) is well known. Also, groups of specific urological symptoms are listed here. Much of the genitourinary tract is hidden from view. The testes and epididymes can be identified separately. If epididymal infection is present or testicular torsion is suspected, the examination must be gentle. Observation of the colour of the scrotal wall may reveal hyperaemia. The absence of a cremasteric reflex contraction when the scrotum, or the area close to the scrotum, is touched is also an important sign to elicit. The loss of this reflex is not diagnostic of one pathology, but its presence is strongly against a diagnosis of torsion.

Assessment of cardiovascular (CV) risk is of key importance in the prevention of CV diseases at different levels of CV impairment, taking into account risk factors, risk modifiers and comorbidities. In Europe, it is currently recommended to assess the 10-year total CV risk using the SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP risk tables. The paper work discusses the indications for systematic assessment of CV risk in the population, presents the program of systematic CV risk monitoring in Slovakia, and defines risk categories as a tool for optimal management of patients in primary and secondary prevention.

The subject Chemistry of Dental Materials includes selected chapters from general, inorganic, and physical chemistry. Teaching focuses mainly on introduction to the study of the chemical properties of materials routinely used in dentistry. The lectures are focused on selected parts of the study of metals, including noble metals and their alloys. Furthermore, attention is focused on ceramic materials, on dental cements, as well as on polymerization and substances resulting from polymerization and used in dentistry for both restorative and prosthetic purposes. Information about dental materials, auxiliary dental materials, as well as the importance of polymerization in dentistry is crucial for future dentists.

Lectures for General Medicine students include microscopic structure of selected organs and introduction to early embryonic development and oraganogenesis according to syllabus for second semester as well as final examination questions. The content of lectutes includes: cardiovascular system, lymhatic system, digestive and respiratory systems, urogenital systems, endocrine and nerve system, sensory organs.

Heart failure, Arrhytmias, Coronary heart disease - clinical symptomatology - diagnosis and treatment (including acute myocardial infarction), Tromboembolic disease - Acute and chronic pulmonary heart disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Bronchial asthma - Tumors of the lung pneumonias, Diabetes mellitus 1. and 2. type - treatment - main acute and chronic complications of DM, Diseases of the peripheral veins

The presentations are a set of lectures intended for students of the 4th year of general medicine. The individual lectures are correlated with the current syllabus of the subject Internal Medicine 2 in the winter term of the fourth year of study. Gain basic theoretical knowledge of endocrinology, diabetology and hematology, get acquainted with the examination procedures used in these diseases.

The presentations are a set of lectures intended for students of the 3rd year of general medicine. The individual lectures are correlated with the current syllabus of the subject Internal Medicine - Propedeutics in the winter term of the thrid year of study. Basic clinical nomenclature, evaluation of anamnestic data and physical examination in internal medicine. Evaluation of basic auxiliary examination methods.

Lectures are devoted to students of the 1st year of study - General medicine. The students can find here all lectures of upper limb (skeleton, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, lymphatic drainage and regional anatomy, lower limb (skeleton, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, lymphatic drainage and regional anatomy), thorax (thoracic wall, mediastinum, heart), abdomen (abdominal wall, peritoneum) and respiratory and digestive systems.